Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colorless to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum. It is miscible with water in its neutral amine base form between 60°C and 210°C. It is a dibasic nitrogenous base, having K b1=1×10 −6, K b2=1×10 −11. [153] It readily forms ammonium salts with acids that are usually solid and water-soluble. Its flash point is 95°C and its auto-ignition temperature is 244°C. [154] Nicotine is readily volatile ( vapor pressure 5.5 Pa at 25°C) [153] On exposure to ultraviolet light or various oxidizing agents, nicotine is converted to nicotine oxide, nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B3), and methylamine. [155] Uban KA, Horton MK, Jacobus J, Heyser C, Thompson WK, Tapert SF, etal. (August 2018). "Biospecimens and the ABCD study: Rationale, methods of collection, measurement and early data". Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 32: 97–106. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.005. PMC 6487488. PMID 29606560. mg Nicotine Salt 36 flavours 10 mg Nicotine Salt 12 flavours 0 mg Nicotine-Free 8 flavours Is an Elf Bar Disposable Kit right for me?

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Research has found that e-cigarettes can help you give up smoking, so you may want to try them rather than the medicines listed above. As with other approaches, they're most effective if used with support from an NHS stop smoking service.

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a report on the potential dangers of using vaping products containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a component of cannabis. Wilder N, Daley C, Sugarman J, Partridge J (April 2016). "Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction". UK: Royal College of Physicians. pp.58, 125. Treatment with NRT usually lasts 8-12 weeks, before you gradually reduce the dose and eventually stop. Who can use it Nicotine: Clinical data". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . Retrieved 31 October 2023. Used as an aid to smoking cessation and for the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms.

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a b c Bailey SR, Crew EE, Riske EC, Ammerman S, Robinson TN, Killen JD (April 2012). "Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapies to aid smoking cessation in adolescents". Paediatric Drugs. 14 (2): 91–108. doi: 10.2165/11594370-000000000-00000. PMC 3319092. PMID 22248234. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), [11] [12] except at two nicotinic receptor subunits ( nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. [11] Such antagonism results in mild analgesia. Hollinger MA (19 October 2007). Introduction to Pharmacology (Thirded.). Abingdon: CRC Press. pp.222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4.

If you’re just making the switch from smoking to vaping and you’re looking for the perfect device to help make the transition easier, you’ve found it with the Elf Bar.

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The best treatment for you will depend on your personal preference, your age, whether you're pregnant or breastfeeding and any medical conditions you have. Speak to your GP or an NHS stop smoking adviser for advice. Nicotine that is found in natural tobacco is primarily (99%) the S-enantiomer. [157]Conversely, the most common chemistry synthetic methods for generating nicotine yields a product that is approximately equal proportions of the S- and R-enantiomers. [158] This suggests that tobacco-derived and synthetic nicotine can be determined by measuring the ratio of the two different enantiomers, although means exist for adjusting the relative levels of the enantiomers or performing a synthesis that only leads to the S-enantiomer. There is limited data on the relative physiological effects of these two enantiomers, especially in people. However, the studies to date indicate that (S)-nicotine is more potent than (R)-nicotine and (S)-nicotine causes stronger sensations or irritation than (R)-nicotine. To date, studies are not adequate to determine the relative addictiveness of the two enantiomers in people. Structure of protonated nicotine (left) and structure of the counterion benzoate (right). This combination is used in some vaping products to increase nicotine delivery to the lung. The final step in the synthesis of nicotine is the coupling between N-methyl-Δ 1-pyrrollidium cation and niacin. Although studies conclude some form of coupling between the two component structures, the definite process and mechanism remains undetermined. The current agreed theory involves the conversion of niacin into 2,5-dihydropyridine through 3,6-dihydronicotinic acid. The 2,5-dihydropyridine intermediate would then react with N-methyl-Δ 1-pyrrollidium cation to form enantiomerically pure (−)-nicotine. [165] Detection in body fluids [ edit ] By binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, nicotine elicits its psychoactive effects and increases the levels of several neurotransmitters in various brain structures– acting as a sort of "volume control". [127] [128] Nicotine has a higher affinity for nicotinic receptors in the brain than those in skeletal muscle, though at toxic doses it can induce contractions and respiratory paralysis. [129] Nicotine's selectivity is thought to be due to a particular amino acid difference on these receptor subtypes. [130] Nicotine is unusual in comparison to most drugs, as its profile changes from stimulant to sedative with increasing dosages, a phenomenon known as "Nesbitt's paradox" after the doctor who first described it in 1969. [131] [132] At very high doses it dampens neuronal activity. [133] Nicotine induces both behavioral stimulation and anxiety in animals. [6] Research into nicotine's most predominant metabolite, cotinine, suggests that some of nicotine's psychoactive effects are mediated by cotinine. [134]Nicotine is chiral and hence optically active, having two enantiomeric forms. The naturally occurring form of nicotine is levorotatory with a specific rotation of [α] D=–166.4° ((−)-nicotine). The dextrorotatory form, (+)-nicotine is physiologically less active than (−)-nicotine. (−)-nicotine is more toxic than (+)-nicotine. [156] The salts of (−)-nicotine are usually dextrorotatory; this conversion between levorotatory and dextrorotatory upon protonation is common among alkaloids. [155] The hydrochloride and sulfate salts become optically inactive if heated in a closed vessel above 180°C. [155] Anabasine is a structural isomer of nicotine, as both compounds have the molecular formula C 10 H 14 N 2.

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is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure. The formation of ΔFosB in multiple brain regions, and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP-1 complexes is well understood. The establishment of a functional purpose for ΔFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades, involving effectors such as GluR2 (87,88), Cdk5 (93) and NFkB (100). Moreover, many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural, physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure (60,95,97,102). New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ΔFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies, and recent advances have illustrated the role of ΔFosB acting on DNA and histones, truly as a molecular switch (34). As a consequence of our improved understanding of ΔFosB in addiction, it is possible to e Normal between-cigarettes discontinuation, in unrestricted smokers, causes mild but measurable nicotine withdrawal symptoms. [33] These include mildly worse mood, stress, anxiety, cognition, and sleep, all of which briefly return to normal with the next cigarette. [33] Smokers have a worse mood than they typically would have if they were not nicotine-dependent; they experience normal moods only immediately after smoking. [33] Nicotine dependence is associated with poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration among smokers. [96] [97] a b Garcia AN, Salloum IM (October 2015). "Polysomnographic sleep disturbances in nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and cannabis use: A focused review". The American Journal on Addictions. 24 (7): 590–8. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12291. PMID 26346395. S2CID 22703103.A photoactivatable form of nicotine, which releases nicotine when exposed to ultraviolet light with certain conditions, has been developed for studying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain tissue. [200] Oral health [ edit ] a b Stolerman IP, Jarvis MJ (January 1995). "The scientific case that nicotine is addictive". Psychopharmacology. 117 (1): 2–10, discussion 14–20. doi: 10.1007/BF02245088. PMID 7724697. S2CID 8731555. Baraona LK, Lovelace D, Daniels JL, McDaniel L (May 2017). "Tobacco Harms, Nicotine Pharmacology, and Pharmacologic Tobacco Cessation Interventions for Women". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 62 (3): 253–269. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12616. PMID 28556464. S2CID 1267977. Possible alteration of nicotine absorption through the skin from the transdermal nicotine patch by drugs that cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction. [75] Interested to know more about Elfbar devices and other throw-away units? Then take a look at our ‘Disposable Vape Pens: Are They Worth it?’ blog post.