a b c Spergel, David N.; Bean, Rachel; Doré, Olivier; etal. (June 2007). "Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Implications for Cosmology". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 170 (2): 377–408. arXiv: astro-ph/0603449. Bibcode: 2007ApJS..170..377S. doi: 10.1086/513700. S2CID 1386346.

The Big Bang Theory: The Complete Series [2007] [2019]

With the exception of the Pilot, the title of every episode starts with "The", and is then is followed by a descriptive word and a scientific term or principle. The writers have used 169 different scientific terms in the episode titles throughout the entire run of the series. The term "reaction" was used seven times, "excitation" was used six times and "hypothesis", "implementation", "insufficiency", "polarization", "reverberation" and "vortex" were used five times each. Yang, R. J., & Zhang, S. N. (2010). The age problem in the ΛCDM model. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 407(3), pp. 1835–1841. According to the Big Bang models, the universe at the beginning was very hot and very compact, and since then it has been expanding and cooling. After about 10 −11 seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle accelerators. At about 10 −6 seconds, quarks and gluons combined to form baryons such as protons and neutrons. The small excess of quarks over antiquarks led to a small excess of baryons over antibaryons. The temperature was no longer high enough to create either new proton–antiproton or neutron–antineutron pairs. A mass annihilation immediately followed, leaving just one in 10 8 of the original matter particles and none of their antiparticles. [33] A similar process happened at about 1 second for electrons and positrons. After these annihilations, the remaining protons, neutrons and electrons were no longer moving relativistically and the energy density of the universe was dominated by photons (with a minor contribution from neutrinos).Sakharov, Andrei D. (10 January 1967). "Нарушение СР-инвариантности, С-асимметрия и барионная асимметрия Вселенной"[Violation of CP-invariance, C-asymmetry and baryon asymmetry of the Universe] (PDF). Pis'ma v ZhETF (in Russian). 5 (1): 32–35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2018.

Red-shift - BBC The expanding Universe - AQA Red-shift - BBC

During the following decade, CMB anisotropies were further investigated by a large number of ground-based and balloon experiments. In 2000–2001, several experiments, most notably BOOMERanG, found the shape of the universe to be spatially almost flat by measuring the typical angular size (the size on the sky) of the anisotropies. [98] [99] [100] a b Mitton 2011, p. 129: "To create a picture in the mind of the listener, Hoyle had likened the explosive theory of the universe's origin to a 'big bang'." The simplest models, in which the Big Bang was caused by quantum fluctuations. That scenario had very little chance of happening, but, according to the totalitarian principle, even the most improbable event will eventually happen. It took place instantly, in our perspective, due to the absence of perceived time before the Big Bang. [144] [145] [146] [147]Yao, W.-M. 2006, pp. 233–237, chpt. 22: "Dark Matter" (September 2003) by Manuel Drees and Gilles Gerbier. Populations of stars have been aging and evolving, so that distant galaxies (which are observed as they were in the early universe) appear very different from nearby galaxies (observed in a more recent state). Moreover, galaxies that formed relatively recently, appear markedly different from galaxies formed at similar distances but shortly after the Big Bang. These observations are strong arguments against the steady-state model. Observations of star formation, galaxy and quasar distributions and larger structures, agree well with Big Bang simulations of the formation of structure in the universe, and are helping to complete details of the theory. [104] [105] Primordial gas clouds Focal plane of BICEP2 telescope under a microscope – used to search for polarization in the CMB [106] [107] [108] [109] Many popular accounts attribute the cosmological redshift to the expansion of space. This can be misleading because the expansion of space is only a coordinate choice. The most natural interpretation of the cosmological redshift is that it is a Doppler shift. [92] Implications The third season began airing on E4 and E4 HD on December 17, 2009, at 9:00 p.m., but was on hiatus between February 25, 2010, until May 6, 2010, when the final 11 episodes of the season aired.